Inclusion Criteria:

• Infants diagnosed with type C esophageal atresia: proximal esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula.

• Primary repair of the esophageal atresia within the first six months of life.

• Minimum follow up of 1 year (12 months).

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other types of esophageal atresia without esophageal anastomosis creation.

• Major anomaly that influences likelihood of developing primary outcome or affects surgical treatment considerations.